Institutionalization of the Chinese Tongs in Chicago's Chinatown

by Andrew Sekeres III
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Page 10

Plus, the tong became institutionalized in their communities by allowing the community and its leader to help resolve the issues between the tongs. The Chinatown had its problems but resolved its own problems. Lait and Mortimer explain how this process actually worked in Chicago.

Chicago’s Chinese are pacifists as to the white man’s courts and the white man’s law. Disputes between Chinese are almost always cleared up by local arbitration. If both parties belong to the same tong, it is settled within its walls. If they belong to different tongs, the Chinese Protective Association, made up of all Chinese in Chicago, takes over. If no decision can be reached, the matter is referred to the Chinese Consul, and in rare, important cases, the matter is referred the Chinese Ambassador in Washington. In a dispute between a Chinese and a white, the Orientals try to agree without going to court, even by paying more than a court could award (Lait and Mortimer: Chicago Confidential, 91).

The community kept to themselves by maintaining their own law and order. Street violence, vandalism, and petty crimes are not visible on the streets of Chinatown due to the fact the community runs the show. They wanted to show Chinatown as a model neighborhood in which you can do your shopping and eat some good Chinese in. This was and continues to be the vision of Chinatown.

Although Chinatown was a model neighborhood due to everything was running smooth; Chinatown could not expand it borders to encompass more area. The city of Chicago at the start of the 1930’s started new projects that cut the area of Chinatown even further down then it already had been. The Chicago Chinese Chamber of Commerce reports the history of Chicago’s Chinatown on their website. In its report of the history of this neighborhood, the section lays out in detail; the projects that make Chinatown look the way it does today.

Extension of Cermak Road for the 1933 World’s Fair cut housing in half. Construction of the Dan Ryan and Stevenson Expressways in the 1950’s halved its size again. Even more housing was demolished in 1969 after the state announced the construction of the Franklin Street extension of the Dan Ryan, a project never realized (Chicago Chinese Chamber of Commerce: History, 1-2).

Why did the city of Chicago put a neighborhood like Chinatown into its own natural area? Why did they go forth with many of these expansions like the Dan Ryan and Stevenson Expressways? Once again in the history and expansion of Chicago, another neighborhood is victim to racial discrimination. The Chicago Chinese Chamber Commerce reports that expansion problems that Chinatown faced and even now faces are due to racism.

In the 1960’s, Chinese residents forced the Chinatown Redevelopment Association to purchase land for public housing. They faced many problems in the beginning, including shortage of funding and willingness of buyers. Some banks had no confidence in lending money to the Chinese. This was due to racial discrimination and moneylenders did not know enough Chinese to tell whether or not they were good risks or not (Chicago Chinese Chamber of Commerce: History, 2).

The real estate people feared the Chinese because simply they did not know enough about them. The city of Chicago, also, had this fear of the Chinese because the Chinese dealt with their own problems in their own way. They did not use the city services for help. The city of Chicago feared the unexpected when it came to Chinese. Plus, the city of Chicago did not want the Chinese to acquire any land that actually had some land value to it so that they can profit from it. This is simply the process of segregation in Chicago. This is what Chicago was known for over a long period of time: segregation. See the Appendix to see pictures taken by the author that illustrates the space constraints faced by modern Chinatown.

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